Table of contents:
- Anatomy of the human body
- 1. Order system
- 2. The muscular system
- 3. The circulatory system
- 4. Digestive system
- 5. Endocrine system
- 6. The nervous system
- 7. Respiratory system
- 8. Immune system
- 9. Lymphatic system
- 10. Excretory and urinary system
- 11. The reproductive system
- 12. The integumentary system
Human anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The anatomy of the human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Organ systems are the parts that make up the human body. This system consists of various types of organs, which have special structures and functions. Organ systems have a distinctive structure and function. Each organ system depends on one another, either directly or indirectly.
Anatomy of the human body
1. Order system
The human body is supported by a skeletal system, which consists of 206 bones connected by tendons, ligaments and cartilage. This bone is composed of an axial skeleton and an appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that lie along the axis of the human body. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, ribs and spine.
The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones which are complementary bones that connect the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is located in the upper leg, lower leg, pelvis and shoulder area.
The function of the skeletal system is to move, support and give shape to the body, protect the internal organs, and as a place for attaching muscles.
2. The muscular system
The muscular system is made up of about 650 muscles that help with movement, blood flow and other bodily functions.
There are three types of muscles: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone, smooth muscle which is found in the digestive organs, and heart muscle which is found in the heart and helps pump blood.
3. The circulatory system
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and about 5 liters of blood carried by blood vessels. The circulatory system is supported by the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps more than 5 liters of blood around the body every minute.
The circulatory system has three main functions, namely:
- Circulating blood throughout the body. Blood provides essential nutrients and oxygen and removes waste and carbon dioxide for excretion from the body. Hormones are transported throughout the body through blood plasma fluids.
- Protects the body through white blood cells by fighting pathogens (germs) that have entered the body. Platelets function to stop bleeding during injury and prevent pathogens from entering the body. Blood also carries antibodies that confer specific immunity to pathogens that the body has previously been exposed to or has been vaccinated against.
- Maintain homeostasis (balance of body conditions) in several internal conditions. The blood vessels help maintain a stable body temperature by controlling blood flow to the surface of the skin.
4. Digestive system
The digestive system is a group of organs that work to receive food, convert and process food into energy, absorb the nutrients contained in food into the bloodstream, and get rid of leftover food that is left or cannot be digested by the body.
Food passes through the digestive tract which consists of the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ends at the anus.
Apart from the digestive tract, there are several important accessory organs in the anatomy of the human body that help digest food. The accessory organs of the digestive system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
5. Endocrine system
The endocrine system consists of several glands that secrete hormones into the blood. These glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and genital glands (gonads).
The glands are directly controlled by stimuli from the nervous system and also by chemical receptors in the blood and hormones produced by other glands.
By regulating the functions of the organs in the body, these glands help maintain body homeostasis. Cellular metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, sugar and mineral homeostasis, heart rate, and digestion are among the many processes that are regulated by hormones.
6. The nervous system
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all the nerves that connect these organs to the rest of the body. These organs are responsible for the control of the body and the communication between its parts.
The brain and spinal cord form a control center known as the central nervous system. The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous system monitor conditions inside and outside the body and transmit central nervous system information. Efferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system carry signals from the control center to muscles, glands, and organs to regulate their function.
7. Respiratory system
The cells of the human body need oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products that can be deadly if allowed to build up.
There are three main parts of the respiratory system: airway, lungs, and respiratory muscles. The airways include the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. This channel carries air through the nose to the lungs.
The lungs function as the main organs of the respiratory system by exchanging oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.
Respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, work together to pump, pushing air in and out of the lungs as you breathe.
8. Immune system
The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that may be harmful, by guarding and attacking these pathogens.
These include lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including B cells and T cells), thymus, and leukocytes, which are white blood cells.
9. Lymphatic system
In the anatomy of the human body, the lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defense.
Its main job is to make and transfer lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body fight infection.
The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph fluid from body tissues, and returns it to the blood.
10. Excretory and urinary system
The excretory system removes waste substances that are no longer needed by humans. In the anatomy of the human body, the excretory organs consist of the kidneys, liver, skin, and lungs.
The urinary system is included in the excretion system which consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and produce urine. The ureters, bladder and urethra together make up the urinary tract, which functions as a system for draining urine from the kidneys, storing it, and then releasing it when urinating.
Apart from filtering and eliminating waste from the body, the urinary system maintains the homeostasis of water, ion, pH, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells.
The liver functions to excrete bile, the skin functions to remove sweat, while the lungs function to excrete water vapor and carbon dioxide.
11. The reproductive system
Male reproductive system
The reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. The male reproductive system includes the penis and testes, which produce sperm.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system consists of the vagina, uterus and ovaries, which produce ova (egg). During fertilization, the sperm cell meets the egg in the fallopian tube. The two cells then carry out fertilization, which are implanted and grow in the uterine wall. If not fertilized, the uterine wall that has thicken to prepare for pregnancy will shed into menstruation.
12. The integumentary system
The skin or integumentary system is the largest organ in the anatomy of the human body. This system protects from the outside world, and is the body's first defense against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. The skin also helps regulate body temperature and removes waste products through sweat. Apart from skin, the integumentary system includes hair and nails.
